Phylogenetic atlas

Ten clusters, 124 origins.

A visual map of the ten genetic clusters of cacao and the origins in this archive that carry each one. Topology after Motamayor et al. 2008, PLoS ONE 3(10):e3311 (genetic clusters). Tree presented for visual reference; cluster assignments follow each origin's status field — draft / reviewed / verified.

Hover origins to highlight cluster; click to open.
Chuncho — Peru · verifiedQuillabamba — Alto Urubamba — Peru · draftUcayali — Peru · reviewedInternational Cocoa Genebank, Trinidad (ICGT) — Centeno — Trinidad and Tobago · draftMarper Farm — Trinidad and Tobago · draftContamana — 5Contamana5International Cocoa Genebank, Trinidad (ICGT) — Centeno — Trinidad and Tobago · draftCuraray — 1Curaray1International Cocoa Genebank, Trinidad (ICGT) — Centeno — Trinidad and Tobago · draftMarper Farm — Trinidad and Tobago · draftIquitos — 2Iquitos2International Cocoa Genebank, Trinidad (ICGT) — Centeno — Trinidad and Tobago · draftMarper Farm — Trinidad and Tobago · draftMarañón — 2Marañón2International Cocoa Genebank, Trinidad (ICGT) — Centeno — Trinidad and Tobago · draftMarper Farm — Trinidad and Tobago · draftNanay — 2Nanay2International Cocoa Genebank, Trinidad (ICGT) — Centeno — Trinidad and Tobago · draftPurús — 1Purús1Toledo Cacao Growers Association (TCGA) — Belize · draftBaures — Itenez wild cacao — Bolivia · draftBahia (Ilhéus) — Brazil · reviewedBahia cabruca — Cocoa Coast — Brazil · draftTomé-Açu (Pará) — Brazil · reviewedVale do Juruá — Acre native cacao — Brazil · draftCameroon (bulk cacao) — Cameroon · reviewedMbangassina (Grand Mbam) — Cameroon · reviewedSouth-West (Meme) — Cameroon · reviewedAbengourou (Indénié-Djuablin) — Côte d'Ivoire · reviewedCAPEDIG (Duékoué) — Côte d'Ivoire · reviewedCôte d'Ivoire (bulk cacao) — Côte d'Ivoire · reviewedECAM (Méagui) — Côte d'Ivoire · reviewedSCEB (Agnéby-Tiassa) — Côte d'Ivoire · reviewedSoubré (Nawa) — Côte d'Ivoire · reviewedBaracoa — Jamal central processing — Cuba · draftEsco Kivu (Beni-Watalinga) — Democratic Republic of the Congo · reviewedTshopo (Bengamisa) — Democratic Republic of the Congo · verifiedCONACADO — Dominican Republic · verifiedCOOPROAGRO — Dominican Republic · draftHato Mayor — Dominican Republic · reviewedHispaniola (San Francisco de Macorís) — Dominican Republic · reviewedÖko Caribe — Dominican Republic · reviewedReserva Zorzal — Dominican Republic · draftSan Francisco de Macorís — Dominican Republic · draftYamasá — Dominican Republic · draftABOCFA (Suhum) — Ghana · draftGhana (West African Amelonado) — Ghana · reviewedJuabeso-Bia — Ghana · reviewedKuapa Kokoo — Ghana · reviewedOffinso Fine Flavour Cooperative — Ghana · reviewedSefwi-Wiawso — Ghana · reviewedYayra Glover (Suhum) — Ghana · reviewedGrenada Chocolate Cooperative — Hermitage — Grenada · draftGuinea (bulk cacao) — Guinea · draftAcul-du-Nord — Haiti · draftGrand-Anse — Dame-Marie — Haiti · draftTamil Nadu — India · draftMorgan's Valley, Clarendon — Jamaica · draftRichmond, Saint Mary — Jamaica · draftLiberia (bulk cacao) — Liberia · reviewedLofa (Voinjama / Foya) — Liberia · reviewedNimba (Karnplay) — Liberia · reviewedÅkesson's Ambolikapiky — Madagascar · reviewedAly Robert (Antsatsaka) — Madagascar · reviewedFOFIFA Ankatafahely (Ambanja) — Madagascar · reviewedMAVA Plantation (Sambirano) — Madagascar · reviewedT'MAR (Upper Sambirano) — Madagascar · reviewedComalcalco — Hacienda Jesús María (CACEP) — Mexico · draftTabasco — Mexico · reviewedCross River (Ikom-Etung-Boki) — Nigeria · reviewedNigeria (bulk cacao) — Nigeria · reviewedSaint Lucia Island Growers — Saint Lucia · draftCECAB (São Tomé) — São Tomé and Príncipe · draftCECAQ-11 (São Tomé) — São Tomé and Príncipe · draftPríncipe (Terreiro Velho) — São Tomé and Príncipe · draftRoça Agostinho Neto (Rio do Ouro) — São Tomé and Príncipe · reviewedRoça Bombaim — São Tomé and Príncipe · reviewedRoça Diogo Vaz — São Tomé and Príncipe · reviewedSão Tomé (roça cacao) — São Tomé and Príncipe · reviewedNgoleagorbu (Kenema-Kailahun, Gola) — Sierra Leone · reviewedSierra Leone (bulk cacao) — Sierra Leone · draftTanga (Usambara historical) — Tanzania · reviewedKpalimé-Akébou (Choco Togo / Vision+) — Togo · reviewedTogo (bulk cacao) — Togo · reviewedBrasso Seco — Trinidad and Tobago · draftFour Roads Tamana — Trinidad and Tobago · draftHeights of Aripo — Trinidad and Tobago · draftInternational Cocoa Genebank, Trinidad (ICGT) — Centeno — Trinidad and Tobago · draftLopinot — Trinidad and Tobago · draftTableland — Trinidad and Tobago · draftTobago (Roxborough) — Trinidad and Tobago · reviewedTobago Cocoa Estate — Trinidad and Tobago · draftTrinitario Heartland — Trinidad and Tobago · reviewedAmelonado — 74Amelonado74International Cocoa Genebank, Trinidad (ICGT) — Centeno — Trinidad and Tobago · draftGuiana — 1Guiana1Arriba Nacional — Ecuador · reviewedCamino Verde (Balao) — Ecuador · draftEl Oro — Ecuador · reviewedEsmeraldas — Ecuador · reviewedGuayas — Ecuador · draftHacienda Limón — Ecuador · draftLos Ríos — Ecuador · reviewedManabí — Ecuador · reviewedNapo (Kallari) — Ecuador · reviewedNorte de Esmeraldas — APROCANE — Ecuador · draftSucumbíos — Ecuador · reviewedVinces — Ecuador · draftZamora-Chinchipe — APEOSAE — Ecuador · draftMarañón Canyon — Peru · reviewedPiura Blanco — Peru · draftInternational Cocoa Genebank, Trinidad (ICGT) — Centeno — Trinidad and Tobago · draftNacional — 16Nacional16Ixcacao — San Felipe — Belize · draftToledo (Maya Mountain) — Belize · reviewedToledo Cacao Growers Association (TCGA) — Belize · draftSierra Nevada de Santa Marta — Colombia · draftBaracoa — Jamal central processing — Cuba · draftBois Cotlette — Dominica · draftGrenada Chocolate Cooperative — Hermitage — Grenada · draftAcul-du-Nord — Haiti · draftGrand-Anse — Dame-Marie — Haiti · draftTamil Nadu — India · draftJava — Indonesia · reviewedMorgan's Valley, Clarendon — Jamaica · draftRichmond, Saint Mary — Jamaica · draftÅkesson's Ambolikapiky — Madagascar · reviewedAly Robert (Antsatsaka) — Madagascar · reviewedFOFIFA Ankatafahely (Ambanja) — Madagascar · reviewedMAVA Plantation (Sambirano) — Madagascar · reviewedMillot Estate (Bejofo) — Madagascar · reviewedSambirano Valley — Madagascar · reviewedT'MAR (Upper Sambirano) — Madagascar · reviewedComalcalco — Chontalpa — Mexico · draftComalcalco — Hacienda Jesús María (CACEP) — Mexico · draftSoconusco — Mexico · verifiedTabasco — Mexico · reviewedTapachula — Soconusco heirloom cooperatives — Mexico · draftYucatán rejolladas (sacred Maya cacao groves) — Mexico · draftBatangas — Philippines · draftCebu — Philippines · draftNegros Occidental — Philippines · draftSaint Lucia Island Growers — Saint Lucia · draftRoça Diogo Vaz — São Tomé and Príncipe · reviewedKandy — Sri Lanka · draftKurunegala — Sri Lanka · draftChiang Mai — Thailand · draftBrasso Seco — Trinidad and Tobago · draftFour Roads Tamana — Trinidad and Tobago · draftHeights of Aripo — Trinidad and Tobago · draftInternational Cocoa Genebank, Trinidad (ICGT) — Centeno — Trinidad and Tobago · draftLopinot — Trinidad and Tobago · draftTableland — Trinidad and Tobago · draftTobago (Roxborough) — Trinidad and Tobago · reviewedTobago Cocoa Estate — Trinidad and Tobago · draftTrinitario Heartland — Trinidad and Tobago · reviewedCanoabo — Venezuela · draftHacienda San José (Paria) — Venezuela · draftPorcelana — Venezuela · reviewedSur del Lago — Venezuela · reviewedCriollo — 47Criollo47Theobroma cacao L.
Chuncho — Peru · verifiedQuillabamba — Alto Urubamba — Peru · draftUcayali — Peru · reviewedInternational Cocoa Genebank, Trinidad (ICGT) — Centeno — Trinidad and Tobago · draftMarper Farm — Trinidad and Tobago · draftContamana — 5Contamana5International Cocoa Genebank, Trinidad (ICGT) — Centeno — Trinidad and Tobago · draftCuraray — 1Curaray1International Cocoa Genebank, Trinidad (ICGT) — Centeno — Trinidad and Tobago · draftMarper Farm — Trinidad and Tobago · draftIquitos — 2Iquitos2International Cocoa Genebank, Trinidad (ICGT) — Centeno — Trinidad and Tobago · draftMarper Farm — Trinidad and Tobago · draftMarañón — 2Marañón2International Cocoa Genebank, Trinidad (ICGT) — Centeno — Trinidad and Tobago · draftMarper Farm — Trinidad and Tobago · draftNanay — 2Nanay2International Cocoa Genebank, Trinidad (ICGT) — Centeno — Trinidad and Tobago · draftPurús — 1Purús1Toledo Cacao Growers Association (TCGA) — Belize · draftBaures — Itenez wild cacao — Bolivia · draftBahia (Ilhéus) — Brazil · reviewedBahia cabruca — Cocoa Coast — Brazil · draftTomé-Açu (Pará) — Brazil · reviewedVale do Juruá — Acre native cacao — Brazil · draftCameroon (bulk cacao) — Cameroon · reviewedMbangassina (Grand Mbam) — Cameroon · reviewedSouth-West (Meme) — Cameroon · reviewedAbengourou (Indénié-Djuablin) — Côte d'Ivoire · reviewedCAPEDIG (Duékoué) — Côte d'Ivoire · reviewedCôte d'Ivoire (bulk cacao) — Côte d'Ivoire · reviewedECAM (Méagui) — Côte d'Ivoire · reviewedSCEB (Agnéby-Tiassa) — Côte d'Ivoire · reviewedSoubré (Nawa) — Côte d'Ivoire · reviewedBaracoa — Jamal central processing — Cuba · draftEsco Kivu (Beni-Watalinga) — Democratic Republic of the Congo · reviewedTshopo (Bengamisa) — Democratic Republic of the Congo · verifiedCONACADO — Dominican Republic · verifiedCOOPROAGRO — Dominican Republic · draftHato Mayor — Dominican Republic · reviewedHispaniola (San Francisco de Macorís) — Dominican Republic · reviewedÖko Caribe — Dominican Republic · reviewedReserva Zorzal — Dominican Republic · draftSan Francisco de Macorís — Dominican Republic · draftYamasá — Dominican Republic · draftABOCFA (Suhum) — Ghana · draftGhana (West African Amelonado) — Ghana · reviewedJuabeso-Bia — Ghana · reviewedKuapa Kokoo — Ghana · reviewedOffinso Fine Flavour Cooperative — Ghana · reviewedSefwi-Wiawso — Ghana · reviewedYayra Glover (Suhum) — Ghana · reviewedGrenada Chocolate Cooperative — Hermitage — Grenada · draftGuinea (bulk cacao) — Guinea · draftAcul-du-Nord — Haiti · draftGrand-Anse — Dame-Marie — Haiti · draftTamil Nadu — India · draftMorgan's Valley, Clarendon — Jamaica · draftRichmond, Saint Mary — Jamaica · draftLiberia (bulk cacao) — Liberia · reviewedLofa (Voinjama / Foya) — Liberia · reviewedNimba (Karnplay) — Liberia · reviewedÅkesson's Ambolikapiky — Madagascar · reviewedAly Robert (Antsatsaka) — Madagascar · reviewedFOFIFA Ankatafahely (Ambanja) — Madagascar · reviewedMAVA Plantation (Sambirano) — Madagascar · reviewedT'MAR (Upper Sambirano) — Madagascar · reviewedComalcalco — Hacienda Jesús María (CACEP) — Mexico · draftTabasco — Mexico · reviewedCross River (Ikom-Etung-Boki) — Nigeria · reviewedNigeria (bulk cacao) — Nigeria · reviewedSaint Lucia Island Growers — Saint Lucia · draftCECAB (São Tomé) — São Tomé and Príncipe · draftCECAQ-11 (São Tomé) — São Tomé and Príncipe · draftPríncipe (Terreiro Velho) — São Tomé and Príncipe · draftRoça Agostinho Neto (Rio do Ouro) — São Tomé and Príncipe · reviewedRoça Bombaim — São Tomé and Príncipe · reviewedRoça Diogo Vaz — São Tomé and Príncipe · reviewedSão Tomé (roça cacao) — São Tomé and Príncipe · reviewedNgoleagorbu (Kenema-Kailahun, Gola) — Sierra Leone · reviewedSierra Leone (bulk cacao) — Sierra Leone · draftTanga (Usambara historical) — Tanzania · reviewedKpalimé-Akébou (Choco Togo / Vision+) — Togo · reviewedTogo (bulk cacao) — Togo · reviewedBrasso Seco — Trinidad and Tobago · draftFour Roads Tamana — Trinidad and Tobago · draftHeights of Aripo — Trinidad and Tobago · draftInternational Cocoa Genebank, Trinidad (ICGT) — Centeno — Trinidad and Tobago · draftLopinot — Trinidad and Tobago · draftTableland — Trinidad and Tobago · draftTobago (Roxborough) — Trinidad and Tobago · reviewedTobago Cocoa Estate — Trinidad and Tobago · draftTrinitario Heartland — Trinidad and Tobago · reviewedAmelonado — 74Amelonado74International Cocoa Genebank, Trinidad (ICGT) — Centeno — Trinidad and Tobago · draftGuiana — 1Guiana1Arriba Nacional — Ecuador · reviewedCamino Verde (Balao) — Ecuador · draftEl Oro — Ecuador · reviewedEsmeraldas — Ecuador · reviewedGuayas — Ecuador · draftHacienda Limón — Ecuador · draftLos Ríos — Ecuador · reviewedManabí — Ecuador · reviewedNapo (Kallari) — Ecuador · reviewedNorte de Esmeraldas — APROCANE — Ecuador · draftSucumbíos — Ecuador · reviewedVinces — Ecuador · draftZamora-Chinchipe — APEOSAE — Ecuador · draftMarañón Canyon — Peru · reviewedPiura Blanco — Peru · draftInternational Cocoa Genebank, Trinidad (ICGT) — Centeno — Trinidad and Tobago · draftNacional — 16Nacional16Ixcacao — San Felipe — Belize · draftToledo (Maya Mountain) — Belize · reviewedToledo Cacao Growers Association (TCGA) — Belize · draftSierra Nevada de Santa Marta — Colombia · draftBaracoa — Jamal central processing — Cuba · draftBois Cotlette — Dominica · draftGrenada Chocolate Cooperative — Hermitage — Grenada · draftAcul-du-Nord — Haiti · draftGrand-Anse — Dame-Marie — Haiti · draftTamil Nadu — India · draftJava — Indonesia · reviewedMorgan's Valley, Clarendon — Jamaica · draftRichmond, Saint Mary — Jamaica · draftÅkesson's Ambolikapiky — Madagascar · reviewedAly Robert (Antsatsaka) — Madagascar · reviewedFOFIFA Ankatafahely (Ambanja) — Madagascar · reviewedMAVA Plantation (Sambirano) — Madagascar · reviewedMillot Estate (Bejofo) — Madagascar · reviewedSambirano Valley — Madagascar · reviewedT'MAR (Upper Sambirano) — Madagascar · reviewedComalcalco — Chontalpa — Mexico · draftComalcalco — Hacienda Jesús María (CACEP) — Mexico · draftSoconusco — Mexico · verifiedTabasco — Mexico · reviewedTapachula — Soconusco heirloom cooperatives — Mexico · draftYucatán rejolladas (sacred Maya cacao groves) — Mexico · draftBatangas — Philippines · draftCebu — Philippines · draftNegros Occidental — Philippines · draftSaint Lucia Island Growers — Saint Lucia · draftRoça Diogo Vaz — São Tomé and Príncipe · reviewedKandy — Sri Lanka · draftKurunegala — Sri Lanka · draftChiang Mai — Thailand · draftBrasso Seco — Trinidad and Tobago · draftFour Roads Tamana — Trinidad and Tobago · draftHeights of Aripo — Trinidad and Tobago · draftInternational Cocoa Genebank, Trinidad (ICGT) — Centeno — Trinidad and Tobago · draftLopinot — Trinidad and Tobago · draftTableland — Trinidad and Tobago · draftTobago (Roxborough) — Trinidad and Tobago · reviewedTobago Cocoa Estate — Trinidad and Tobago · draftTrinitario Heartland — Trinidad and Tobago · reviewedCanoabo — Venezuela · draftHacienda San José (Paria) — Venezuela · draftPorcelana — Venezuela · reviewedSur del Lago — Venezuela · reviewedCriollo — 47Criollo47Theobroma cacao L.
Three biogeographic groupings are highlighted: an upper-Amazon core where most diversity resides, a lower-Amazon and trans-Atlantic spread centred on Amelonado, and the Mesoamerican relic represented by Criollo.

Upper Amazon — core diversity centre

Contamana · Curaray · Iquitos · Marañón · Nanay · Purús

Lower Amazon / trans-Atlantic spread

Amelonado · Guiana · Nacional

Mesoamerican relic

Criollo

The original phylogeny derives from 106 microsatellite markers genotyped across roughly 1,200 cacao samples from the upper Amazon and Mesoamerica. The ten-cluster framework on this page follows that paper; no additional marker analysis is performed here. Branch lengths are illustrative — only topology is informative.

← Ten clusters, not three boxes.